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Maltese Laws |
INTERNATIONAL CARRIAGE OF GOODS BY ROAD ACT
To incorporate the Convention on the Contract for the International
Carriage of Goods by Road.
ACT XI of 2006, as amended by Act XV of 2009.
25th July, 2006
Goods by Road Act.
"the Authority" means the Authority for Transport in Malta as established under the Authority for Transport in Malta Act;
"CMR Convention" means the Convention on the Contract for the In ternatio nal Carri ag e of G oods by Road (CMR) si gned
in Geneva on the 19th May, 1956 as amended by the CMR Protocol of Geneva signed on the 5th July, 1978;
"p rescr i be" means prescrib e by o r der or by reg u lat i on s i n accordance with this Act;
"the Minister" means the Minister responsible for road transport.
CMR Convention.
(2) Such order shall specify the date of coming into force of the CMR Convention, as between Malta and any State specified in the order.
Short title.
Interpretation. Amended by: XV. 2009.49.
Cap. 499.
Ratification of
CMR Convention.
Contracting States.
date* and subject to such conditions as the Minister may prescribe.
(2) The CMR Convention is set out in the Schedule to this Act and the said schedule may from time to time be amended as may be
prescribed for the purpose of being kept updated with the official text of the said CMR Convention.
(3) The CMR Convention set out in the Schedule shall be reproduced in the English language only.
CMR Convention to have force of law.
*20th March 2008 - vide Legal Notice 52 of 2008.
Power of Minister to make regulations.
(a) in respect of the carriage of goods by road, saving the provisions of any law regulating the transport or carriage of
goods by road; and
(b) to amend the Schedule in whole or in part.
(2) The Minister may also provide that any regulation or order under this Act including reservations made by Malta to the CMR Co
nvent ion or declarat ion made b y Mal t a up on th e si gni ng or ratification of the CMR Convention be scheduled to this Act.
SCHEDULE (Article 5)
The term "Contracting Party" is to be substituted either with the term "Malta" or the term "Contracting State" as appropriate
CONVENTION ON THE CONTRACT FOR THE INTERNATIONAL CARRIAGE OF GOODS BY ROAD (CMR) DONE AT GENEVA ON THE 19TH OF MAY, 1956, AS AMENDED
BY THE CMR PROTOCOL DONE AT GENEVA
ON THE 5TH OF JULY, 1978
Chapter 1 - Scope of Application
Chapter II - Persons for whom the Carrier is Responsible
Chapter III - Conclusion and Performance of the Contract of Carriage
Chapter IV - Liability of the Carrier
Chapter V - Claims and Actions
Chapter VI - Provisions Relating to Carriage Performed by Successive Carriers
Chapter VII - Nullity of Stipulation to the Convention
Chapter VIII - Final Provisions
PREAMBLE
The Contracting Parties,
Having recognized the desirability of standardizing the conditions governing the contract for the international carriage of goods
by road, particularly with respect to the documents used for such carriage and to the carrier ’s liability,
Have agreed as follows:
Chapter 1 - Scope of Application
Article 1
1. This Convention shall apply to every contract for the carriage of goods by road in vehicles for reward, when the place of
taking over of the goods and the place designated for delivery, as specified in the contract, are situated in two different countries,
of which at least one is a contracting country, irrespective of the place of residence and the nationality of the parties.
2. For the purpose of this Convention, "vehicles" means motor vehicles, articulated vehicles, trailers and
semi-t railers as defined in article 4 of the Convention on Road Traffic dated 19 September 1949.
3. This Convention shall apply also where carriage coming within its scope is carried out by States or by governmental institutions
or organizations.
4. This Convention shall not apply:
(a) to carriage performed under the terms of any international postal convention;
(b) to funeral consignments; (c) to furniture removal.
5. The Contracting Parties agree not to vary any of the provisions of this Convention by special agreements between
two or more of them, except to make it inapplicable to their frontier traffic or to authorize the use in transport operations entirely
confined to their territory of consignment notes representing a title to the
goods.
Article 2
1. Where the vehicle containing the goods is carried over part of the journey by sea, rail, inland waterways or air, and, except
where the provisions of article 14 are applicable, the go od s are not unloaded from the vehicle, this Convention shall nevertheless
apply to the whole of the carriage . Provided that to the extent it is proved that any loss, damage or delay in delivery of the goods
which occurs during the carriage by the other means of transport was not caused by act or omission of the carrier by road, but by
some event which could only have occurred in the course of and by reason of the carriage by that other means of transport, the liability
of the carrier by road shall be determined not by this Convention but in the manner in which the liability of the carrier by the
other means of transport would have been determined if a contract for the carriage of the goods alone had been made by the sender
with the carrier by the other means of transport in accordance with the conditions prescribed by law for the carriage of goods by
that means of transport. If, however, there are no such prescribed conditions, the liability of the carrier by road shall be determined
by this Convention.
2. If the carrier by road is also himself the carrier by the other means of transport, his liability shall also
be determined in accordance with the provisions paragraph 1 of this article, but as if, in his capacities as carrier by road and
carrier by the other means of transport, he were two separate persons.
Chapter II - Persons for whom the Carrier is Responsible
Article 3
For the purposes of this Convention the carrier shall be responsible for the acts of omissions of his agents and servants and of any
other persons of whose services he makes use for the performance of the carriage, when such agents, servants or other persons are
acting within the scope of their employment, as if such acts or omissions were his own.
Chapter III - Conclusion and Performance of the Contract of Carriage
Article 4
The contract of carriage shall be confirmed by the making out of a consignment note. The absence, irregularity or loss of the consignment
note shall not affect the existence or the validity of the contract of carriage which shall remain subject to the provisions of this
Convention.
Article 5
1. The consignment note shall be made out in three original copies signed by the sender and by the carrier. These signatures
may be printed or replaced by the st am ps of the sender and the carri er if the law of the country in which the consignment note
has been made out so permits. The first copy shall be handed to the sender, the second shall accompany the goods and the third shall
be retained by the carrier.
2. When the goods which are to be carried have to be loaded in different vehicles, or are of different kinds or
are divided into different lots, the sender or the carrier shall have the right to require a separate consignment note to be made
out for each vehicle used, or for each kind or lot of goods.
Article 6
1. The consignment note shall contain the following particulars:
(a) the date of the consignment note and the place at which it is made out; (b) the name and address of the sender;
(c) the name and address of the carrier;
(d) the place and the date of taking over of the goods and the place designated for delivery;
(e) the name and address of the consignee;
(f) the description in common use of the nature of the goods and the method of packing, and, in the case of dangerous
goods, their generally recognized description;
(g) the number of packages and their special marks and numbers;
(h) the gross weight of the goods or their quantity otherwise expressed;
(i) charges relating to the carriage (carriage charges, supplementary charges, customs duties and other charges incurred
from the making of the contract to the time of delivery);
(j) the requisite instructions for Customs and other formalities;
(k) a statement that the carriage is subject, notwithstanding any clause to the contrary, to the provisions of this Convention.
2. Where applicable, the consignment note shall also contain the following particulars:
(a) a statement that transhipment is not allowed;
(b) the charges which the sender undertakes to pay; (c) the amount of "cash on delivery" charges;
(d) a declaration of the value of the goods and the amount representing special interest in delivery;
(e) the sender ’s instructions to the carrier regarding insurance of the goods; (f) the agreed time limit within which the carriage is to be carried out;
(g) a list of the documents handed to the carrier.
3. The parties may enter in the consignment note any other particulars which they may deem useful.
Article 7
1. The sender shall be responsible for all expenses, loss and damage sustained by the carrier by reason of the inaccuracy or
inadequacy of:
(a) the particulars specified in article 6, paragraph 1, (b), (d), (e), (f), (g), (h) and (j);
(b) the particulars specified in article 6, paragraph 2;
(c) any other particulars or instructions given by him to enable the consignment note to be made out or for the
purpose of their being entered therein.
2. If, at the request of the sender, the carrier enters in the consignment note the particulars referred to in paragraph 1 of
this article, he shall be deemed, unless the contrary is proved, to have done so on behalf of the sender.
3. If the consignment note does not contain the statement specified in article 6, p a ragrap h 1 ( k ), the carri er shall be li able for all exp e nses, l o ss and damage sustained through such omission by the person entitled to dispose
of the goods.
Article 8
1. On taking over the goods, the carrier shall check:
(a) the accuracy of the statements in the consignment note as to the number of packages and their marks and numbers, and
(b) the apparent condition of the goods and their packaging.
2. Where the carrier has no reasonable means of checking the accuracy of the statements referred to in paragraph 1 (a) of this article, he shall enter his reservations in the consignment note together with the grounds on which they are based. He shall
likewise specify the grounds for any reservations which he makes with regard to the apparent condition of the goods and their packaging.
Such reservations shall not bind the sender unless he has expressly agreed to be bound by them in the consignment note.
3. The sender shall be entitled to require the carrier to check the gross weight of the goods or their quantity otherwise expressed.
He may also require the contents of the packages to be checked. The carrier shall be entitled to claim the cost of such checking.
The result of the checks shall be entered in the consignment note.
Article 9
1. The consignment note shall be prima facie evidence of the making of the contract of carriage, the conditions of the contract and the receipt of the goods by the carrier.
2. If the consignment note contains no specific reservations by the carrier, it shall be presumed, unless the contrary is proved,
that the goods and their packaging appeared to be in good conditi on when the carrier took them over and that the number of packages,
their marks and numbers corresponded with the statements in the consignment note.
Article 10
The sender shall be liable to the carrier for damage to persons, equipment or other goods, and for any expenses due to defective packing
of the goods, unless the defect was apparent or known to the carrier at the time when he took over the goods and he made no reservations
concerning it.
Article 11
1. For the purposes of the Customs or other formalities which have to be com p leted before delivery o f t h e goods,
the send er sh all attach the necessary documents to the consignment note or place them at the disposal of the carrier and shall
furnish him with all the information which he requires.
2. The carrier shall not be under any duty to enquire into either the accuracy or the adequacy of such documents and information.
The sender shall be liable to the carrier for any damage caused by the absence, inadequacy or irregularity of such documents and
information, except in the case of some wrongful act or neglect on the part of the carrier.
3. The liability of the carrier for the consequences arising from the loss or incorrect use of the documents specified in and
accompanying the consignment note or de po si ted wi th th e car rie r sh al l be that of an a g e n t, provided that the compensation
payable by the carrier shall not exceed that payable in the event of loss of the goods.
Article 12
1. The sender has the right to dispose of the goods, in particular by asking the
carrier to stop the goods in transit, to change the place at which delivery is to take place or to deliver the goods to a consignee
other than the consignee indicated in the consignment note.
2. This right shall cease to exist when the second copy of the consignment note is handed to the consignee or when the consignee
exercises his right under article 13, paragraph 1 ; from th at ti me o n ward s th e carrier shall obey the orders of the consignee.
3. The consignee shall, however, have the right of disposal from the time when the consignment note is drawn up, if the sender
makes an entry to that effect in the consignment note.
4. If in exercising his right of disposal the consignee has ordered the delivery of the goods to another person, that other person
shall not be entitled to name other consignees.
5. The exercise of the right of disposal shall be subject to the following conditions:
(a) that the sender or, in the case referred to in paragraph 3 of this article, the consignee who wishes to exercise the right produces
the first copy of the consignment note on which the new instructions to the carrier have been entered and indemnifies the carrier
against all expenses, loss and damage involved in carrying out such instructions;
(b) that the carrying out of such instructions is possible at the time when the instructions reach the person who is to carry them
out and does not either interfere with the normal working of the carriers’ undertaking or prejudice the senders or consignees
of other consignments;
(c) that the instructions do not result in a division of the consignment.
6. When, by reason of the provisions of paragraph 5 (b) of this article, the carrier cannot carry out the instructions which he receives, he shall immediately notify the person who gave
him such instructions.
7. A carrier who has not carried out the instructions given under the conditions provided for in this article or who has carried
them out without requiring the first copy of the consignment note to be produced, shall be liable to the person entitled to make
a claim for any loss or damage caused thereby.
Article 13
1. After arrival of the goods at the place designated for delivery, the consignee shall be entitled to require the carrier to
deliver to him, against a receipt, the second copy of the consignment note and the goods. If the loss of the goods is established
or if the goods have not arrived after the expiry of the period provided for in article 19, the consignee shall be entitled to enforce
in his own name against the carrier any rights arising from the contract of carriage.
2. The consignee who avails himself of the rights granted to him under paragraph 1 of this article shall pay the charges
shown to be due on the consignment note, but in the event of dispute on this matter the carrier shall not be required to deliver
the goods unless security has been furnished by the consignee.
Article 14
1. If for any reason it is or becomes impossible to carry out the contract in accordance with the terms laid down in the consignment
note before the goods reach the place designated for delivery, the carrier shall ask for instructions fr om the person entitled to
dispose of the goods in accordance with the provisions of article
12.
2. Nevertheless, if circumstances are such as to allow the carriage to be carried out under conditions differing from those laid
down in the consignment note and if the carrier has been unable to obtain instructions in reasonable time the person entitled to
dispose of the goods in accordance with the provisions of article 12, he shall take such steps as seem to him to be in the best interests
of the person entitled to dispose of the goods.
Article 15
1. Where circumstances prevent delivery of the goods after their arrival at the place designated for delivery, the carrier shall
ask the sender for his instructions. If the consignee refuses the goods the sender shall be ent it led to di spose of th em without
being obliged to produce the first copy of the consignment note.
2. Even if he has refused the goods, the consignee may nevertheless require delivery so long as the carrier has not received
instructions to the contrary from the sender.
3. When circumstances preventing delivery of the goods arise after the consignee, in exercise of his rights under article
12, paragraph 3, has given an order for the goods to be delivered to another person, paragraphs 1 and 2 of this article shal l apply
as if the consignee were th e sender and that o t her person were the consignee.
Article 16
1. The carrier shall be entitled to recover the cost of his request for instructions and any expenses entailed in carrying out
such instructions, unless such expenses were caused by the wrongful act or neglect of the carrier.
2. In the cases referred to in article 14, paragraph 1, and in article 15, the carrier may immediately unload the good s for
account of the person entitled to dispose of them and thereupon the carriage shall be deemed to be at an end. The carrier sh all
t h en hold th e goo ds on behalf of the person so entitl ed. He may, however, entrust them to a third party, and in that case he
shall not be under any liability except for the exercise of reasonable care in the choice of such third party. The charges due under
the consignment note and all other expenses shall remain chargeable against the goods.
3. The carrier may sell the goods, without awaiting instructions from the person entitled to dispose of them, if the
goods are perishable or their condition warrants such a course, or when the storage expenses would be out of proportion to the value
of the goods. He may also proceed to the sale of the goods in other cases if after the expiry of a reasonable period he has not received
from the person entitled to di spose o f t h e go ods instr u ctio ns t o t h e co nt rary w h ic h he m a y reas on ab ly be required
to carry out.
4. If the goods have been sold pursuant to this article, the proceeds of sale, after deduction of the expenses chargeable against
the goods, shall be placed at the disposal of the person entitled to dispose of the goods. If these charges exceed the proceeds of
sale, the carrier shall be entitled to the difference.
5. The procedure in the case of sale shall be determined by the law or custom of the place where the goods are situated.
Chapter IV - Liability of the Carrier
Article 17
1. The carrier shall be liable for the total or partial loss of the goods and for
damage thereto occurring between the time when he takes over the goods and the time of delivery, as well as for any delay in delivery.
2. The carrier shall, however, be relieved of liability if the loss, damage or delay was caused by the wrongful act or neglect
of the claimant, by the instructions of the claimant given otherwise than as the result of a wrongful act or neglect on the part
of the carrier, by inherent vice of the goods or through circumstances which the carrier could not avoid and the consequences of
which he was unable to prevent.
3. The carrier shall not be relieved of liability by reason of the defective condition of the vehicle used by him
in order to perform the carriage, or by reason of the wrongful act or neglect of the person from whom he may have hired the vehicle
or of the agents or servants of the latter.
4. Subject to article 18, paragraphs 2 to 5, the carrier shall be relieved of liability when the loss or damage arises
from the special risks inherent in one more of the following circumstances:
(a) use of open unsheeted vehicles, when their use has been expressly agreed and specified in the consignment note;
(b) the lack of, or defective condition of packing in the case of goods which, by their nature, are liable to wastage or
to be damaged when not packed or when not properly packed;
(c) handling, loading, stowage or unloading of the goods by the sender, the consignee or person acting on behalf of the sender or
the consignee;
(d) the nature of certain kinds of goods which particularly exposes them to total or partial loss or to damage, especially through
breakage, rust, decay, desiccation, leakage, normal wastage, or the action of moth or vermin;
(e) insufficiency or inadequacy of marks or numbers on the packages; (f) the carriage of livestock.
5. Where under this article the carrier is not under any liability in respect of some of the factors causing the loss, damage
or delay, he shall only be liable the extent that those factors for which he is liable under this article have contributed to the
loss, damage or delay.
Article 18
1. The burden of proving that loss, damage or delay was due to one of the causes specified in article 17, paragraph 2, shall
rest upon the carrier.
2. When the carrier establishes that in the circumstances of the case, the loss or damage could be attributed to one or more
of the special risks referred to in article
17, paragraph 4, it shall be presumed that it was so caused. The claimant shall, however, be entitled to prove that the loss or damage
was not, in fact, attributable either wholly or partly to one of these risks.
3. This presumption shall not apply in the circumstances set out in article 17, paragraph 4 (a), if there has been an abnormal shortage, or a loss of any package.
4. If the carriage is performed in vehicles specially equipped to protect the goods from the effects of heat, cold, variations
in temperature or the humidity of the air, the carrier shall not be entitled to claim the benefit of article 17, paragraph 4 (d), unless he proves that all steps incumbent on him in the circumstances with respect to the choice, maintenance and use of such equipment
were taken and that he complied with any special instructions issued to him.
5. The carrier shall not be entitled to claim the benefit of article 17, paragraph
4 (f), unless he proves that all steps normally incumbent on him in the circumstances were taken and that he complied with any special
instructions issued to him.
Article 19
Delay in delivery shall be said to occur when the goods have not been delivered within th e agreed tim e-limit or when, failing an
agreed tim e-limit, the actual duration of the carriage having regard to the circumstance s of the ca se, and in particular, in the
case of partial loads, the time required for making up a complete load in the normal way, exceeds the time it would be reasonable
to allow a diligent carrier.
Article 20
1. The fact that goods have not been delivered within thirty days following the expiry of the agreed time-limit, or, if there
is no agreed time-limit, within sixty days from the time when the carrier took over the goods, shall be conclusive evidence of the
loss of the goods, and the person entitled to make a claim may thereupon treat them as lost.
2. The person so entitled may, on receipt of compensation for the missing goods, request in writing that he shall be notified
immediately should the goods be recovered in the course of the year following the payment of compensation. He shall be given a written
acknowledgement of such request.
3. Within the thirty days following receipt of such notification, the person entitled as aforesaid may require the goods
to be delivered to him against payment of the charges shown to be due on the consignment note and also against refund of the compensation
he received less any charges included therein but without prejudice to any cl ai ms to co mpensatio n fo r delay in deliv ery un
der arti cl e 23 and wh er e applicable, article 26.
4. In the absence of the request mentioned in paragraph 2 or of any instructions given within the period of thirty days specified
in paragraph 3, or if the goods are not recovered until more than one year after the payment of compensation, the carrier shall be
entitled to deal with them in accordance with the law of the place where the goods are situated.
Article 21
Should the goods have been delivered to the consignee without collection of the "cash on delivery" charge which should have
been collected by the carrier under the terms of the contra ct of c a rriage, the c a rrier shall be li abl e t o th e sender for
compensation not exceeding the amount of such charge without prejudice to his right of action against the consignee.
Article 22
1. When the sender hands goods of a dangerous nature to the carrier, he shall inform the ca rrie r of the exac t na ture of th
e d a ng er and indi cate if necessary, precautions to be taken. If this information has not been entered in the consignment note,
the burden of proving, by some other means, that the carrier knew the exact nature of the danger constituted by the carriage of the
said goods shall rest upon the sender or the consignee.
2. Goods of a dangerous nature which, in the circumstance referred to in paragraph 1 of this article, the carrier
did not know were dangerous, may, at any time or place, be unloaded, dest royed or rende r ed harmless by the ca rrier without compensation;
further, the sender shall be liable for all expenses, loss or damage arising out of their handing over for carriage or of their carriage.
Article 23
1. When, under the provisions of this Convention, a carrier is liable for compensation in respect of total or partial
loss of goods, such compensation shall be calculated by reference to the value of the goods at the place and time at which they were
accepted for carriage.
2. The value of the goods shall be fixed according to the commodity exchange price or, if there is no such price, according to
the current market price or, if there is no commodity exchange price or current market price, by reference to normal value of goods
of the same kind and quality.
3. Compensation shall not, however, exceed 8.33 units of account per kilogram of gross weight short.
4. In addition, the carriage charges, Customs duties and other charges incurred in respect of the carriage of the goods shall
be refunded in full in case of total loss and in proportion to the loss sustained in case of partial loss, but no further damage
shall be payable.
5. In the case of delay if the claimant proves that damage has resulted therefrom the carrier shall pay compensation
for such damage not exceeding the carriage charges.
6. Higher compensation may only be claimed where the value of the goods or a special interest in delivery has been declared in
accordance with articles 24 and 26.
7. The unit of account mentioned in this Convention is the Special Drawing Right as defined by the International Monetary Fund.
The amount mentioned in paragraph 3 of this article shall be converted into the national currency of the State of the Court seized
of the case on the basis of the value of that currency on the date of the judgement or the date agreed upon by the Parties. The value
of the national currency, in terms of the Special Drawing Right, of a State which is a member of the International Monetary Fund,
shall be calculated in accordance with the method of v a luation ap plied by the In ternational Monetary Fund in effect on the date
in question for its operations and transactions. The value of the national currency, in te rm s o f t h e Spec ia l D r awi n g R
i g h t , of a St ate whic h is not a member of the International Monetary Fund, shall be calculated in a manner determined by the
State.
8. Nevertheless, a State which is not a member of the International Monetary Fund and whose law does not permit the application
of the provisions of paragraph 7 of this article may, at the time of ratification of or accession to the Protocol to the CMR or at
any time thereafter, declare that the limit of liability provided for in paragraph 3 of this article to be applied in its territory
shall be 25 monetary units. The monetary unit referred to in this paragraph corresponds to the 10/31 gram of gold of millesimal fineness
nine hundred. The conversion shall be made according to the law of the State concerned.
9. The calculation mentioned in the last sentence of paragraph 7 of this article and the conversion mentioned in paragraph 8
of this article shall be made in such a manner as to express in the national currency of the State as far as possible the same real
value for the amount in paragraph 3 of this article as is expressed there in units of account. States shall communicate to the Secretary-General
of the United Nations the manner of calculation pursuant to paragraph 7 of this article or the result of the conversion in paragraph
8 of this article as the case may be, when depositing an instrument referred to in Article 3 of the Protocol to the CMR and whenever
there is a change in either.
Article 24
The sender may, against payment of a surcharge to be agreed upon, declare in the consignment note a value for the goods exceeding
the limit laid down in article 23, paragraph 3, and in that case the amount of the declared value shall be substituted for that limit.
Article 25
1. In case of damage, the carrier shall be liable for the amount by which the goods have diminished in value, calculated by reference
to the value of the goods fixed in accordance with article 23, paragraphs 1, 2 and 4.
2. The compensation may not, however, exceed:
(a) if the whole consignment has been damaged, the amount payable in the case of total loss;
(b) if part only of the consignment has been damaged, the amount payable in the case of loss of the part affected.
Article 26
1. The sender may, against payment of a surcharge to be agreed upon, fix the amount of a special interest in delivery in the
case of loss or damage or of the agreed time-limit being exceeded, by entering such amount in the consignment note.
2. If a declaration of a special interest in delivery has been made, compensation for the additional loss
or damage proved may be claimed, up to the total amount of the interest declared, independently of the compensation provided for
in articles 23, 24 and 25.
Article 27
1. The claimant shall be entitled to claim interest on compensation payable. Such interest, calculated at five per centum per
annum, shall accrue from the date on which the claim was sent in writing to the carrier or, if no such claim has been made, from
the date on which legal proceedings were instituted.
2. When the amounts on which the calculation of the compensation is based are not expressed in the currency of the country in
which payment is claimed, conversion shall be at the rate of exchange applicable on the day and at the place of payment of compensation.
Article 28
1. In cases where, under the law applicable, loss, damage or delay arising out of carriage under this Convention gives rise to
an extra-contractual claim, the carrier may avail himself of the provisions of this Convention which exclude his liability or which
fix or limit the compensation due.
2. In cases where the extra-contractual liability for loss, damage or delay of one of the persons for whom the carrier is responsible
under the terms of article 3 is in issue, such person may also avail himself of the provisions of this Convention which exclude the
liability of the carrier or which fix or limit the compensation due.
Article 29
1. The carrier shall not be entitled to avail himself of the provisions of this chapter which exclude or limit his liability
or which shift the burden of proof if the damage was caused by his wilful misconduct or by such default on his part as, in accordance
with the law of the court or tribunal seised of the case, is considered as equivalent to wilful misconduct.
2. The same provision shall apply if the wilful misconduct or default is committed by the agents or servants of the
carrier or by any other persons of whose servi c es he makes use for the performance of the carria g e , when such agents, servan
ts or oth e r persons are acti ng wi thin the scope of t h eir emplo y ment . Furthermore, in su ch a case such agents, servant s
or other perso ns shall not be entitled to avail themselves, with regard to their personal liability, of the provisions of this chapter
referred to in paragraph 1.
Chapter V - Claims and Actions
Article 30
1. If the consignee takes delivery of the goods without duly checking their condition with the carrier or without sending him
reservations giving a general indication of the loss or damage, not later than the time of delivery in the case of apparent loss
or damage and within seven days of delivery, Sundays and public holidays excepted, in the case of loss or damage which is not apparent,
the fact of his taking delivery shall be prima facie, evidence that he has received the goods in the condition described in the consignment note. In the case of loss or damage which
is not apparent the reservations referred to shall be made in writing.
2. When the condition of the goods has been duly checked by the consignee and th e carrier, evidence contradictin g the result
of thi s checking shall only be admissible in the case of loss or damage which is not apparent and provided that the consignee has
duly sent reservations in writing to the carrier within seven days, Sundays and public holidays excepted, from the date of checking.
3. No compensation shall be payable for delay in delivery unless a reservation has been sent in writing to the carrier, within
twenty-one days from the time that the goods were placed at the disposal of the consignee.
4. In calculating the time-limits provided for in this article the date of delivery, or the date of checking, or the date when
the goods were placed at the disposal of the consignee, as the case may be, shall not be included.
5. The carrier and the consignee shall give each other every reasonable facility for making the requisite investigations and
checks.
Article 31
1. In legal proceedings arising out of carriage under this Convention, the plai nti ff m a y bring an acti on in any
cou r t or t r i bun al of a co ntracti ng cou n try designated by ag reem ent between the partie s and, i n addition, in the courts
o r tribunals of a country within whose territory:
(a) the defendant is ordinarily resident, or has his principal place of business, or the branch or agency through which
the contract of carriage was made, or
(b) the place where the goods were taken over by the carrier or the place designated for delivery is situated.
2. Where in respect of a claim referred to in paragraph 1 of this article an action is pending before a court or tribunal competent
under that paragraph, or where in respect of such a claim a judgement has been entered by such a court or tribunal no new action
shall be started between the same parties on the same grounds unless the judgement of the court or tribunal before which the first
action was brought is not enforceable in the country in which the fresh proceedings are brought.
3. When a judgement entered by a court or tribunal of a contracting country in any such action as is referred to in paragraph
1 of this article has become enforceable
in that country, it shall also become enforceable in each of the other contracting St ates, as soon as the formalities require d in
the country concerned have been complied with. These formalities shall not permit the merits of the case to be re- opened.
4. The provisions of paragraph 3 of this article shall apply to judgements after trial, judgements by default and settlements
confirmed by an order of the court, but shall not apply to interim judgements or to awards of damages, in addition to costs against
a plaintiff who wholly or partly fails in his action.
5. Security for costs shall not be required in proceedings arising out of carriage under this Convention from nationals of contracting
countries resident or having their place of business in one of those countries.
Article 32
1. The period of limitation for an action arising out of carriage under this Convention shall be one year. Nevertheless, in
the case of wilful misconduct, or such default as in accordance with the law of the court or tribunal seised of the case, is considered
as equivalent to wilful misconduct, the period of limitation shall be three years. The period of limitation shall begin to run:
(a) in the case of partial loss, damage or delay in delivery, from the date of delivery;
(b) in the case of total loss, from the thirtieth day after the expiry of the agreed time-limit or where there is no agreed
time-limit from the sixtieth day from the date on which the goods were taken over by the carrier;
(c) in all other cases, on the expiry of a period of three months after the making of the contract of carriage.
The day on which the period of limitation begins to run shall not be included in the period.
2. A written claim shall suspend the period of limitation until such date as the carri er rejects th e claim b y not ificati
on in writ ing and returns the d o cument s attached thereto. If a part of the claim is admitted the period of limitation shall start
to run again only in respect of that part of the claim still in dispute. The burden of proof of the receipt of the claim, or of the
reply and of the return of the documents, shall rest with the part y relying upon these facts. The ru nn ing of th e period of limitation
shall not be suspended by further claims having the same object.
3. Subject to the provisions of paragraph 2 above, the extension of the period of limitation shall be governed by the law of
the court or tribunal seized of the case. That law shall also govern the fresh accrual of rights of action.
4. A right of action which has become barred by lapse of time may not be exercised by way of counterclaim or set-off.
Article 33
The c o ntra ct of carriage ma y contain a claus e c o nferring competence on an arbitration tribunal if the clause conferring competence
on the tribunal provides that the tribunal shall apply this Convention.
Chapter VI - Provisions Relating to Carriage Performed by Successive Carriers
Article 34
If carriage governed by a single contract is performed by successive road carriers, each of them shall be responsible for the performance
of the whole operation, the
second carrie r and each succeeding carrie r bec oming a pa rty to the contract of carriage, under the terms of the consignment note,
by reason of his acceptance of the goods and the consignment note.
Article 35
1. A carrier accepting the goods from a previous carrier shall give the latter a dated and signed receipt. He shall enter his
name and address on the second copy of the consignment note. Where applicable, he shall enter on the second copy of the consignment
note and on the receipt reservations of the kind provided for in article
8, paragraph 2.
2. The provisions of article 9 shall apply to the relations between successive carriers.
Article 36
Except in the case of a counterclaim or a setoff raised in an action concerning a claim based on the same contract of carriage, legal
proceedings in respect of liability for loss, damage or delay may only be brought against the first carrier, the last carrier or
the carrier who was performing that portion of the carriage during which the event causing the loss, damage or delay occurred<
an action may be brought at the same time against several of these carriers.
Article 37
A carrier who has paid compensation in compliance with the provisions of this Convention, shall be entitled to recover such compensation,
together with interest thereon and all costs and expenses incurred by reason of the claim, from the other carriers who have taken
part in the carriage, subject to the following provisions:
(a) the carrier responsible for the loss or damage shall be solely liable for the compensation whether paid by himself or by another
carrier;
(b) when the loss or damage has been caused by the action of two or more carriers, each of them shall pay an amount proportionate
to his share of liability; should it be impossible to apportion the liability, each carrier shall be liable in proportion to the
share of the payment for the carriage which is due to him;
(c) if it cannot be ascertained to which carriers liability is attributable for the loss or damage, the amount of the
compensation shall be apportioned between all the carriers as laid down in (b) above.
Article 38
If one of the carriers is insolvent, the share of the compensation due from him and unpaid by him shall be divided among the other
carriers in proportion to the share of the payment for the carriage due to them.
Article 39
1. No carrier against whom a claim is made under articles 37 and 38 shall be entitled to dispute the validity of the payment
made by the carrier making the claim if the amount of the compensation was determined by judicial authority after the first mentioned
carrier had been given due notice of the proceedings and afforded an opportunity of entering an appearance.
2. A carrier wishing to take proceedings to enforce his right of recovery may make his claim before the competent court or tribunal
of the country in which one of the carriers concerned is ordinarily resident, or has his principal place of business or the branch
or agency through which the con tract o f carriage w as m ade. All the carriers concerned may be made defendants in the same action.
3. The provisions of article 31, paragraphs 3 and 4, shall apply to judgements entered in the proceedings referred to in articles
37 and 38.
4. The provisions of article 32 shall apply to claims between carriers. The pe ri od of limitati on shall, howeve r, begi n
to run either on the date of the final judicial decision fixing the amount of compensation payable under the provisions of this Convention,
or, if there is no such judicial decision, from the actual date of payment.
Article 40
Carriers shall be free to agree among themselves on provisions other than those laid down in articles 37 and 38.
Chapter VII - Nullity of Stipulation to the Convention
Article 41
1. Subject to the provisions of article 40, any stipulation which would directly or indirectly derogate from the provisions of
this Convention shall be null and void. The nullity of such a stipulation shall not involve the nullity of the other provisions of
the contract.
2. In particular, a benefit of insurance in favour of the carrier or any other similar clause, or any clause shifting the burden
of proof shall be null and void.
Chapter VIII - Final Provisions
Article 42
1. This Convention is open for signature or accession by countries members of the Economic Commission for Europe and countries
admitted to the Commission in a consultative capacity under paragraph 8 of the Commission’s terms of reference.
2. Such countries as may participate in certain activities of the Economic Commission for Europe in accordance with
paragraph 11 of the Commission’s terms of reference may become Contracting Parties to this Convention by acceding thereto after
its entry into force.
3. The Convention shall be open for signature until 31 August 1956 inclusive. Thereafter, it shall be open for accession.
4. This Convention shall be ratified.
5. Ratification or accession shall be effected by the deposit of an instrument with the Secretary-General of the United Nations.
Article 43
1. This Convention shall come into force on the ninetieth day after five of the countries referred to in article 42, paragraph
1, have deposited their instruments of ratification or accession.
2. For any country ratifying or acceding to it after five countries have deposited their instruments of ratification
of accession, this Convention shall enter into force on the ninetieth day after the said country has deposited its instrument of
ratification or accession.
Article 44
1. Any Contracting Party may denounce this Convention by so notifying the
Secretary-General of the United Nations.
2. Denunciation shall take effect twelve months after the date of receipt by the
Secretary-General of the notification of denunciation.
Article 45
If, after the entry into force of this Convention, the number of Contracting Parties is reduced, as a result of denunciations, to
less than five, the Convention shall cease to be in force from the date in which the last of such denunciations takes effect.
Article 46
1. Any country may, at the time of depositing its instrument of ratification or accessi on or at any time th ereafter, decl are
by not ification addressed to t h e Secretary-General of the United Nations that this Convention shall extend to all or any of the
territories for the international relations of which it is responsible. The Convention shall extend to the territory or territories
named in the notification as from the ninetieth day after its receipt by the Secretary-General or, if on that day the Convention
has not yet entered into force, at the time of its entry into force.
2. Any country which has made a declaration under the preceding paragraph extending this Convention to any territory for whose
international relations it is responsible may denounce the Convention separately in respect of that territory in accordance with
the provisions of article 44.
Article 47
Any dispute between two or more Contracting Parties relating to the interpretation or ap pli cati o n of thi s Co nv ent i on , wh
ich the parties are unable to s e ttle by negotiation or other means may, at the request of any one of the Contracting Parties concerned,
be referred for settlement to the International Court of Justice.
Article 48
1. Each Contracting Party may, at the time of signing, ratifying, or acceding to, this Convention, declare that it does not consider
itself as bound by article 47 of the Convention. Other Contracting Parties shall not be bound by article 47 in respect of any Contracting
Party which has entered such a reservation.
2. Any Contracting Party having entered a reservation as provided for in paragraph 1 may at any time withdraw such
reservation by notifying the Secretary- General of the United Nations.
3. No other reservation to this Convention shall be permitted.
Article 49
1. After this Convention has been in force for three years, any Contracting Party may, by notification to the Secretary-General
of the United Nations, request that a conference be convened for the purpose of reviewing the Convention. The Secretary-General shall
notify all Contracting Parties of the request and a review conference shall be convened by the Secretary-General if, within a period
of four months following the date of notification by the Secretary General, not less than one-fourth of the Contracting Parties no
tify him of their concurrence wi th the request.
2. If a conference is convened in accordance with the preceding paragraph, the Secretary-General shall notify all the Contracting
Parties and invite them to submit within a period of three months such proposals as they may wish the Conference to consider. The
Secretary-General shall ci rculate to all Contracting Parties the provisional agenda for the conference together with the texts of
such proposals at least three months before the date on which the conference is to meet.
3. The Secretary-General shall invite to any conference convened in accordance with this article all countries
referred to in article 42, paragraph 1, and countries which have become Contracting Parties under article 42, paragraph 2.
Article 50
In addition to the notifications provided for in article 49, the Secretary-General of the United Nations shall notify the countries
referred to in article 42, paragraph 1, and the countries which have become Contracting Parties under article 42, paragraph
2, of:
(a) ratification and accessions under article 42;
(b) the dates of entry into force of this Convention in accordance with article 43;
(c) denunciations under article 44;
(d) the termination of this Convention in accordance with article 45; (e) notifications received in accordance with article 46;
(f) declarations and notifications received in accordance with article 48, paragraphs 1 and 2.
Article 51
After 31 August 1956, the original of this Convention shall be deposited with the Secretary-General of the United Nations, who shall
transmit certified true copies to each of the countries mentioned in article 42, paragraphs 1 and 2.
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